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3591 Nalorphine
1efe0b9d032e0efefac63605a05ae161f981e1a026434a8cb7b8663b07f8fa3a

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Properties

Chemistry

Nalorphine (brand names Lethidrone, Nalline), also known as N-allylnormorphine, is a mixed opioid agonist–antagonist with opioid antagonist and analgesic properties. It was introduced in 1954 and was used as an antidote to reverse opioid overdose and in a challenge test to determine opioid dependence. It acts at two opioid receptors — the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) where it has antagonistic effects, and at the κ-opioid receptor (KOR) (Ki = 1.6 nM; EC50 = 483 nM; Emax = 95%) where it exerts high-efficacy partial agonist/near-full agonist characteristics. Nalorphine was the second opioid antagonist to be introduced, preceded by nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine) in 1915 and followed by naloxone in 1960 and naltrexone in 1963. Due to potent activation of the KOR, nalorphine produces side effects such as dysphoria, anxiety, confusion, and hallucinations, and for this reason, is no longer used medically. Nalorphine has a number of analogues including niconalorphine (the nicomorphine analogue), diacetylnalorphine (heroin analogue), dihydronalorphine (dihydromorphine) and a number of others and a number of codeine-based ones as well.

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